Analysis of Indoor Localization Methods with Bluetooth Low Energy

Abstract

This case study presents a technical analysis of indoor distance estimation using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), with a particular focus on its integration into embedded systems. The study evaluates four key methodologies—Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), Time of Flight (ToF), Angle of Arrival (AoA), and Channel Sounding (CS)—highlighting their theoretical underpinnings, implementation characteristics, and practical performance. A primary contribution of this work lies in its comparative framework, which helps identify the most suitable BLE-based method depending on system requirements such as accuracy, power consumption, and hardware complexity. The study includes experimental implementations of RSSI and ToF using NXP’s MCX W71x platform, allowing for practical observations of BLE behavior under real-world conditions. Limitations in hardware accessibility restricted direct experimentation with AoA and CS; however, their inclusion is supported through publicly available demonstrations and validated references. These insights enable a balanced discussion between theoretical potential and real-world feasibility. The main contribution of this work is the structured comparison and contextual application of BLE-based distance estimation techniques. This allows system designers to make informed decisions aligned with application constraints and performance goals. The study also serves as a technical guide for those developing BLE localization systems in domains such as smart buildings, asset tracking, and IoT deployments. Overall, this work bridges the gap between theoretical methodologies and practical implementation, providing a foundation for future enhancements and hybrid approaches in BLE-based indoor localization systems.