CIFOVIS - Artículos y ponencias con arbitraje

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Climatic and edaphic-based predictors of normalized difference vegetation index in tropical dry landscapes: A pantropical analysis
(Wiley, 2022-06) DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés; Rodríguez-Tapia, Gerardo; Mesa-Sierra, Natalia; Rivero-Villar, Anaitzi; Giardina, Christian P.; Johnson, Nels G.; Campo, Julio
Aim: Spatial patterns in resource supply drive variability in vegetation structure and function, yet quantification of this variability for tropical dry forests (TDFs) remains rudimentary. Several climate-driven indices have been developed to classify and delineate TDFs globally, but there has not been a climo-edaphic synthesis of these indices to assess and delineate the extent of TDFs. A statistical climo-edaphic synthesis of these indices is therefore required. Location: Pantropical. Time period: Modern. Major taxa studied: Vascular plants. Methods: We assembled most known prior descriptions of TDFs into a single data layer and assessed statistically how the TDF biome, which we call tropical dry landscapes (TDLs) composed of forest and non-forest vegetation, varied with respect to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) sensed by MODIS (250 m pixel resolution). We examined how the NDVI varied with respect to mean annual temperature (MAT) and rainfall (MAR), precipitation regime, evapotranspiration and the physical, chemical and biological properties of TDL soils. Results: Overall, the NDVI varied widely across TDLs, and we were able to identify five principal NDVI categories. A regression tree model captured 90% of NDVI variation across TDLs, with 14 climate and soil metrics as predictors. The model was then pruned to use only the three strongest metrics. These included the Lang aridity index, total evapotranspiration (ET) and MAT, which aligned with identified NDVI thresholds and accounted for 70% of the variation in NDVI. We found that across a global TDL distribution, ET was the strongest positive predictor and MAT the strongest negative predictor of the NDVI. Main conclusions: The remote sensing-based approach described here provides a comprehensive and quantitative biogeographical characterization of global TDL occurrence and the climatic and edaphic drivers of these landscapes.
Integrando la restauración ambiental al contexto agropecuario de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz
(Congreso Mexicano de Ecología, 2022-05-22) DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés; Martínez-Garza, Cristina; Howe, Henry F.
La reserva de la biósfera Los Tuxtlas incluye una gran área de paisaje agropecuario que a través de los años ha ganado más terreno y ha reducido la extensión de las selvas tropicales de esta región. La fuerte deforestación histórica y la fragmentación amenazan la biodiversidad y han provocado la pérdida de los servicios ecosistémicos. Hoy, no solo la conservación de la biodiversidad está en riesgo, sino también el principal medio de vida de las comunidades que habitan dentro de la reserva. Con este escenario en mente, en 2006 se establecieron 24 parcelas de restauración experimental inmersas en un pastizal activo. El objetivo central del proyecto fue reestablecer las interacciones biológicas para favorecer la conservación de la biodiversidad y, a su vez mejorar la producción ganadera. En cada parcela se estableció uno de tres tratamientos: 1) parcelas bajo sucesión natural, 2) plantaciones de especies de árboles que son dispersados por viento o, 3) plantaciones de especies de árboles que son dispersados por animales. Durante 15 años se han medido los atributos del suelo (e.g. fertilidad, hojarasca), desempeño de las especies plantadas (e.g. sobrevivencia, crecimiento, atributos funcionales), dispersión de semillas y su limitación en la dispersión, reclutamiento de plántulas (e.g. demografía, diversidad filogenética y funcional, fructificación, limitación en el establecimiento) y la presencia de animales (e.g. aves, murciélagos, escarabajos). Cada tratamiento reveló trayectorias de restauración distintas que favorecieron diferentes interacciones biológicas. Por ejemplo, en la sucesión natural encontramos mayor número de reclutas mayores a 30cm de diámetro y mayor fructificación en comparación con las plantaciones. Por otra parte, en las parcelas con árboles dispersados por animales encontramos una mayor diversidad de murciélagos, mientras que, en las plantaciones de árboles dispersados por viento, el reclutamiento de plántulas se vio favorecido. En este trabajo mostramos una síntesis de 30 parámetros evaluados a lo largo de 15 años de restauración ecológica. En el escenario actual, el diseño de paisajes multifuncionales a través de distintas estrategias que permiten la optimización de los recursos será esencial para la adaptación ante cualquier cambio climático. Los resultados de este proyecto pueden informar a estrategias de mayor escala para la región y para otras zonas con características climáticas y biológicas similares, así como abonar a un Plan Nacional de Restauración.
Large trees in restored tropical rainforest
(Elsevier, 2021-07) Rivas-Alonso, Edith; Martínez-Garza, Cristina; DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés; Méndez-Toribio, Moisés
Restoration interventions aim to accelerate forest recovery by skipping the early stages of succession where short-lived early-successional tree species dominate. Large trees (≥30 cm of Diameter at Breast Height [DBH]) provide ecosystem functions, such as carbon storage and acting as stepping stones for the movement of animals through the landscape. Here, we evaluated two mixtures of planted and, unplanted areas to figure out which restoration treatment was more successful in skipping the early stages of succession. For this, we measured forest structure of large trees in restoration settings after 10 years in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. In 2006, cattle grazing was excluded from 24 plots (30 × 30 m). Eight of those plots were planted with 12 wind-dispersed species, eight plots were planted with 12 animal-dispersed species (a total of 2,304 planted trees), and eight plots were left to undergo natural succession without plantings. Planted and naturally recruited trees have been assessed periodically since 2007. A total of 835 planted and naturally recruited trees of 45 species reached large size. Including all trees (planted and recruited), the richness and abundance of late-successional trees was higher in plantings than under natural succession while richness of large recruits of late-successional species was as higher in plantings as in natural succession. Also, including all trees, plantings of animal-dispersed species have higher richness and abundance of trees dispersed by bats and both bats and birds; while species and trees dispersed by birds were present equally at all treatments. Richness and abundance of bat-dispersed recruits were similar in plantings and natural succession while plantings of wind-dispersed species had higher bird-dispersed recruits. Composition heterogeneity, driven by natural recruitment, was largest for early-successional trees in natural succession. After 10 years, the first stages of succession (20–30 years) were skipped in plantings: plantings have higher abundance of large seeded late-successional species. For an overall increase in composition heterogeneity in permanent agricultural landscapes, we suggest establishing areas to undergo natural succession along with plantings that include a higher percentage of late-successional species with large seeds.
Restaurando los bosques secos tropicales en México, ¿Dónde? ¿Cómo?
(Sociedad Científica Mexicana de Ecología A.C., 2022-05-22) Mesa-Sierra, Natalia; DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés; Campo, Julio; Giardina, Christian P.
La deforestación es la principal amenaza del bosque seco tropical (BsT) en México, siendo la agricultura, el turismo y la minería las actividades humanas con mayor impacto en este fenómeno. Sus tasas de perturbación han reducido no solo su superficie, sino también su capacidad para adaptarse y mitigar los efectos del cambio climático. En algunos casos, la regeneración natural es suficiente para revertir los efectos del cambio de uso de suelo. Sin embargo, cuando el uso de la tierra es intensivo y crónico, se deterioran los suelos, se agotan las fuentes de regeneración y se requiere una restauración con intervención mayor, que promueva la recuperación tanto de la cobertura forestal como de las funciones ecológicas. En este estudio sintetizamos la literatura de la restauración ecológica del BsT en México publicada durante 30 años (enero de 1990 - febrero de 2020). Examinamos 43 artículos identificando: (i) la distribución nacional de proyectos de restauración de BsT, (ii) los objetivos de su restauración y (iii) los factores que contribuyen al éxito o fracaso de la práctica. La mayor cantidad de sitios de restauración se registraron en la Península de Yucatán, y el objetivo más común fue la recuperación de la estructura de la vegetación luego del abandono de agricultura, o en sitios que sufrieron incendios. La siembra de plántulas fue la estrategia de restauración más utilizada y la evaluación del éxito de la práctica fue generalmente mediante la supervivencia de plántulas. La supervivencia de plántulas en los sitios restaurados varió entre 15-78 %, la cual no tuvo diferencias significativas con aquella en sitios conservados y/o sitios control (sin tratamiento). La supervivencia de plántulas fue afectada negativamente por la temperatura máxima anual y la aridez, y positivamente por la fertilidad del suelo. En resumen, esta síntesis identificó las condiciones biofísicas que limitan el éxito de la restauración de este ecosistema y, con ello, señalan aspectos que se deben considerar en la práctica para poder cumplir con los compromisos internacionales firmados por México en materia de restauración forestal.
Restoring mexican tropical dry forests: a national review
(MDPI, 2022-03) Mesa-Sierra, Natalia; Campo, Julio; Giardina, Christian P.; DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés
Restoring Mexican Tropical Dry Forests: A National Review
(MDPI, 2022-03) Mesa-Sierra, Natalia; DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés; Campo, Julio; Giardina, Christian P.
Deforestation is the dominant threat to tropical dry forests (TDFs) in Mexico. Its causes include agriculture, tourism, and mining. In some cases, unassisted forest regeneration is sufficient to return diverse forest cover to a site, but in other cases, changes in land use are so severe that active restoration is required to reintroduce tree cover. The ecological and social constraints on TDF restoration in Mexico are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we synthesized relevant restoration literature for Mexico published between January 1990 and February 2020. We examined 43 unique articles about TDF restoration practices in Mexico to identify (1) the national distribution of TDF restoration projects, (2) restoration objectives, and (3) factors contributing to TDF restoration success or failure. The largest number of restoration sites were in the Yucatan Peninsula, and the most common objective was to restore dry forest vegetation on lands that had been used for agriculture or impacted by fires. Planting seedlings was the most widely reported restoration strategy, and plant survival was the most frequently monitored response variable. Maximum annual temperature and the Lang Aridity Index were the best predictors of plant survival, which ranged from 15% to 78%. This synthesis highlights how national restoration inventories can facilitate the development of a restoration evaluation framework to increase the efficacy of restoration investments.
Restoring seed dispersal processes in a tropical agricultural landscape
(Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, 2022-07) DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés; Martínez-Garza, Cristina; Beltrán, Luis; Howe, Henry F.
Introduction / Background / Justification - The Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve includes a large area of agricultural landscape that over the years has gained more land and has reduced the extension of the tropical rainforest in the region. High historical deforestation and fragmentation is threatening biodiversity and have caused the loss of many ecosystem services. Today, not only the conservation of biodiversity is at risk, but also the main livelihood of the communities that live within the reserve. With this scenario in mind, in 2006 we established 24 experimental restoration plots immersed in an active pasture. Objectives- The main objective of the project was to restore biological interactions to favor the conservation of biodiversity and landscape connectivity. Methods- Each plot had one of three treatments: 1) plots under natural succession, 2) plantations of tree species dispersed by wind, or 3) plantations of tree species dispersed by animals. For 15 years we have evaluated soil attributes (e.g., fertility, litter), performance (e.g., survival and growth) and functional attributes (e.g., leaf traits) of planted species. Additionally, we assessed seed dispersal, seedling recruitment and its limitation (e.g., demographics, phylogenetic and functional diversity, fruiting, establishment limitation) and the presence of animals (e.g., birds, bats, beetles). Results- Each treatment revealed distinct restoration pathways that favored different biological interactions. For example, in plots with animal-dispersed trees we found a greater diversity of bats and had earlier seedling growth peeks while plots planted with wind-dispersed trees, seedling abundances recruitment was favored. Nevertheless, the abundance and richness of recruits that are bird-dispersed, late successional seedlings, such as Red Listed Ocotea uxpanapana, were favored in both planted treatments. On the other hand, in natural succession we found more recruits with diameters greater than 30 cm, greater fruiting rates compared to planted plots and greater abundance of insectivorous birds, yet, these plots also had the highest areas covered with invasive ferns. Here, we show a synthesis of 30 parameters evaluated over 15 years of ecological restoration. In the current scenario, the design of multifunctional landscapes through different strategies that allow the optimization of resources will be essential for adaptation to climate change. Implications/Conclusions- The results of this project can inform larger scale strategies for the region and for other areas with similar climatic and biological characteristics, as well as contribute to a National Restoration Plan.
Restoring the Neotropical Dry Forests in the Face of Climate Change
(Society for Ecological Restoration, 2021-06-29) Mesa-Sierra, Natalia; DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés; Rodríguez-Tapia, Gerardo; Rivero-Villar, Anaitzi; Giardina, Christian P.; Campo, Julio
Tropical dry forests (TDF) have a broad global distribution, hold unique biodiversity that is climatically restricted by evolutionary history. For the past century, TDFs have faced numerous threats, reducing the surface of this ecosystem, so that in recent decades conservation actions have focused not only on its protection but on its recovery. The main objective of this study was to compile relevant and practical lessons of how the diversity, ecosystem services and community well-being had been recovered through restoration strategies in the TDFs of the Neotropic. A research was made using the Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar databases for studies published between 1990 and 2020. A total of 98 studies met the review criteria, of which most took place in Mexico and the mean restored area was of 74 ha. The most reported disturbances prior to restoration corresponds to cattle, followed by crops and mining. Plantations were the most used restoration strategy of the Neotropics. A total of 99 response variables were identified, of which the most frequently used were related to the vegetation structure (e.g., Survival, Seedling Height), while the least used variables were related with social aspects of restoration (e.g., economic benefits). It is necessary to recognize that this ecosystem has specific characteristics throughout its distribution in the Neotropic related both to its diversity and environmental variables, as well as to its disturbances, so identifying the best practices would allow stakeholders to improve restoration programs.
Restoring tropical dry forests, where? how?: a global overview
(Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, 2022-07) Mesa-Sierra, Natalia; DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés; Campo, Julio; Giardina, Christian P.
Deforestation is the main threat to the tropical dry forest (TDF) worldwide, with agriculture and mining being the human activities with the greatest impact on this phenomenon. Rates of disturbance have reduced not only TDF areas, but also their ability to adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change. In some cases, natural regeneration is sufficient to reverse the effects of forest cover loss. However, when land use is intensive and chronic, soils deteriorate and sources of regeneration are depleted, then restoration effots require greater interventions to promotes the recovery of both forest cover and ecological functions. In this study we synthesize the published literature of over 30 years (January 1990 - February 2020) on the ecological restoration of TDF worldwide. We also conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effects of restoration strategies, previous land use and ecozone on restored sites and their soil properties, vegetation structure, biotic composition and ecological functions. We identified 196 studies that met our criteria, most of which took place in the Neotropic and Indomalaya ecozones. The most common restoration objective was the recovery of the vegetation structure, mainly after previous use for livestock, crops or mining. Planting seedlings was the most widely used restoration strategy and the evaluation of their success was generally based on assesing the survival of the plantings. Results showed that restoration treatments improved planted seedling survival (SMD = 0.51, 95%CIs = 0.15 to 0.87), with a significant effect in the Neotropics, Indomalaya and Oceania. Regarding the previous land use, no significant effect was observed on the survival of the planted seedlings. Derived from these results, it is necessary to highlight that survival, even though widely used to monitor restoration success, yield very high variation in its results. TDF ecosystems have specific characteristics throughout their distribution related both to diversity and environmental variables, as well as to their disturbances. Thus, collecting information and generating a reference frame on successful practices is urgent in order to achieve adequate restoration. In summary, through this synthesis we identified the main trends on restoration ecology of TDF at a global scale, pointing out aspects that must be considered in order to comply with the international commitments in terms of forest restoration.
Sistemas Silvopastoriles Enriquecidos: integrando la conservación y la producción ganadera en comunidades rurales
(Congreso Mexicano de Ecología, 2022-06) Ayestarán-Hernández, Luz M.; DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés; Márquez-Torres, José F.; Martínez-Monroy, Fernando; Rivas-Alonso, Edith; Carrasco-Carballido, Patricia V.; Pérez-Cruz, Miguel N.; Chang-Landa, Frankis A.; Martínez-Garza, Cristina
A nivel mundial, la producción ganadera es la principal causa de destrucción del hábitat, extinción de especies y un fuerte contribuyente a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. En Latinoamérica, la ganadería es la principal actividad económica de muchas comunidades rurales. Establecer plantaciones de restauración en pastizales puede proporcionar servicios ecosistémicos con beneficios directos e indirectos sobre la producción de ganado. Por otro lado, diversos estudios comparativos en el Neotrópico han demostrado que los sistemas silvopastoriles alcanzan niveles de producción iguales o superiores a los sistemas de pastoreo convencionales, al tiempo que brindan una vida útil más prolongada a las tierras productivas. Este proyecto plantea la integración de sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP) con una matriz de parcelas de restauración con árboles nativos de importancia para la conservación o con importancia económica Sistemas Silvopastoriles Enriquecidos (SSPE). Presentamos los resultados de las primeras etapas de establecimiento de estos sistemas que pueden ayudar a mejorar los medios de vida de los ganaderos de baja economía en los trópicos y también a mantener la conectividad del paisaje, los servicios ecosistémicos y la conservación de especies de la selva tropical aunada al bienestar social local. En 2016, establecimos SSPE en una parcela piloto en Los Tuxtlas, México, plantando 16 especies de árboles nativos y Leucaena como árbol forrajero. La supervivencia de los árboles plantados fue en promedio del 40.7%. La parcela demostrativa ha servido para acercar a los agricultores a diferentes alternativas que pueden ser más productivas y mitigar sus inquietudes por aprender nuevas estrategias de producción. Observamos una reducción en los costos de mantenimiento debido a que los productores ya no dependían fuertemente de insumos externos para la alimentación de su ganado. La producción ganadera mejoró porque: los becerros ganaron peso más rápido, mejoraron su complexión a niveles óptimos, el ganado estaba más sano, lo que resulta en una disminución en el uso de agroquímicos. Este tipo de sistemas, por una parte, ayudarán a mitigar los efectos del cambio climático por medio de la captura de carbono, el mejoramiento de la dieta del ganado y por ende la reducción de emisiones de gas metano, y la reducción de la temperatura local comparada con los pastizales abiertos. A la vez, mantener servicios ecosistémicos estratégicos permitirá que estos sistemas sean más resilientes y adaptables ante cambios climáticos globales.
Sistemas silvopastoriles enriquecidos: una propuesta para integrar la conservación en la producción ganadera en comunidades rurales de Los Tuxtlas, México
(Instituto de Ecología AC, 2022-06) DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés; Ayestarán-Hernández, Luz M.; Márquez-Torres, José F.; Martínez-Monroy, Fernando; Rivas-Alonso, Edith; Carrasco-Carballido, Patricia V.; Pérez-Cruz, Miguel N.; Chang-Landa, Frankis A.; Martínez-Garza, Cristina
Antecedentes y Objetivos: La producción ganadera es la principal causa de destrucción del hábitat y de la extinción de especies a nivel mundial. Es también un fuerte contribuyente a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. En Latinoamérica, la ganadería es la principal actividad económica de muchas comunidades rurales, por lo que establecer plantaciones de restauración en pastizales podría brindar servicios ecosistémicos con beneficios directos e indirectos sobre la producción de ganado. Los sistemas silvopastoriles alcanzan niveles de producción iguales o superiores a los sistemas convencionales y prolongan la vida útil de las tierras productivas. Este trabajo examina la integración de sistemas silvopastoriles con la restauración con árboles nativos de importancia económica y para la conservación. Nos referimos a estas parcelas como sistemas silvopastoriles enriquecidos (SSPE). Presentamos los resultados de las primeras etapas de establecimiento de estos sistemas que buscan mejorar los medios de vida de los ganaderos y a mantener la conectividad del paisaje, los servicios ecosistémicos y la conservación de especies de la selva tropical. Métodos: En 2016, establecimos SSPE en una parcela piloto en Los Tuxtlas, México, plantando 16 especies de árboles nativos y Leucaena esculenta (DC.) Benth. como árbol forrajero. Paralelamente, se condujeron talleres de alternativas ganaderas en el ejido de Balzapote para incrementar las posibilidades de incidencia social. Resultados clave: La sobrevivencia de los árboles plantados fue en promedio de 40.7%. La parcela demostrativa ha servido para acercar a los agricultores a diferentes alternativas más productivas. Observamos una reducción en los costos de mantenimiento debido a que los productores no dependen de insumos externos. Conclusiones: Como resultado de la implementación del SSPE, la producción ganadera mejoró, lo que resulta en una disminución en el uso de agroquímicos. Los SSPE brindan complejidad al paisaje que dará como resultado sistemas más resilientes frente al cambio climático.
The Effect of Restoration Treatments on Seed Dispersal and Seedling Establishment Limitation in a Tropical Agricultural Landscape
(Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, 2021-07-21) DeLaPeña-Domene, Marinés; Martínez-Garza, Cristina; Sánchez, Neptali; Suárez-Álvarez, Marcos A.; Howe, Henry F.
Seed dispersal and seedlings establishment limitation are variable and depend upon the environmental conditions that habitats provide. We know that limitations are higher in degraded ecosystems, but little we know about effect of restoration on these limitations through time. Dispersal and establishment limitations change according to life strategies of species, their dispersal mode and the changes in the restored environment. We tested the changes in limitations in 12 common woody species from 2007 to 2015 in three different restoration scenarios (tree plantings of animal dispersed species, tree plantings of wind dispersed species and plots that simulate natural succession). Both types of planted plots had a higher decrease in dispersal limitation than under natural regeneration, with plots planted with animal dispersed trees showing up to 15% less dispersal limitation compared to the other treatments. Even though species had a different trajectory of dispersal and establishment limitations, general trend have an average reduction of 23±18% in dispersal limitation for animal dispersed species, while limitations for wind dispersed species increased on average 6±18% throughout time. Higher limitations for pioneers establishing in five-year-old plantings (2011 is still pre fruiting conditions for the most part) were expected, but for later successional animal dispersed Bursera simaruba, a small decrease in dispersal limitation meant a big decrease in establishment limitation. All in all, planted plots influenced seed dispersal and seedling establishment limitation even before general fruiting patterns were observed in the planted plots favoring animal dispersed trees over wind dispersed trees.

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